The Intricate Dance of Interdependence: Interdependence Theory

Interdependence Theory, a cornerstone of social psychology, offers a profound understanding of the intricate web of connections that bind us together in our personal relationships. At the heart of this theory lies the concept of interdependence, which posits that the quality and dynamics of our interactions are not merely the sum of individual actions but a complex dance of mutual influence and shared outcomes. Developed by social psychologists John Thibaut, and Harold H. Thibaut in the 1950s, Interdependence Theory offers a framework for understanding how individuals interact and depend on each other within various relationship contexts.

Thomas Merton believed that compassion had to be based on “a keen awareness of the interdependence of all living things, which are all part of one another and all involved in one another” (Johnson, 2008). Like it or not, we are interdependent. Several years ago, after I published an article on healthy dependence in relationships, a reader remarked “all dependence is bad.” Of course, he must have overlooked the computer he was typing on, the internet he was using, and the coffee he was drinking while typing his remarks on independence.

As we embark on an in-depth exploration of Interdependence Theory, we will unravel the threads that weave the fabric of our social world, examining how the interplay of dependence and autonomy shapes our bonds, influences our choices, and ultimately defines the essence of our shared human experience.

Human Interaction

Thibaut and Kelly derived their Interdependence theory from analyzing basic human interactions. They explain that the essence of any relationship is interaction. They wrote that two individuals “may be said to have formed a relationship when on repeated occasions they are observed to interact.” Thibaut and Kelley continue, explaining that by interaction “it is meant that they emit behavior in each other’s presence, they create products for each other, or they communicate with each other. In every case we would identify as an instance of interaction there is at least the possibility that the actions of each person affect the other” (Thibaut & Kelley 1959).

Through analyzing behaviors of interaction and the intricate complexity of expectations, benefits, sacrifices, and value, we see patterns of interdependence emerge. Sometimes the patterns are mutually beneficial; other times they are not.

Historical Background of Interdependence Theory

Interdependence Theory, a significant framework in social psychology, was first introduced by Harold Kelley and John Thibaut in 1959 through their book “The Social Psychology of Groups“. The theory was inspired by and shares some postulates with early social exchange and game theories. It offers a formal analysis of the abstract properties of social situations and interactions, focusing on how these structures influence human psychology and behavior.

Kelley and Thibaut’s work was influenced by the earlier contributions of Kurt Lewin, who defined interdependence within groups. They emphasized that the essence of a group is the interdependence of its members, where changes in the state of any part affect the whole.

The theory was further developed and formalized in Kelley and Thibaut’s 1978 book Interpersonal Relations: A Theory of Interdependence. Kelley continued to expand on the theory, notably in his 2003 book An Atlas of Interpersonal Situations, which added dimensions to the interdependence framework and analyzed specific situation types.

Interdependence Theory has since become a foundational theory in understanding the dynamics of interpersonal relationships, emphasizing the importance of the interdependent nature of human interactions.

Key Principles of Interdependence Theory

1. Interdependence

At the core of Interdependence Theory is the recognition that individuals within a relationship are interdependent, meaning that their outcomes and experiences are linked to the actions and behaviors of others involved. The dynamics of interpersonal relationships are governed by the degree to which people depend on each other to achieve their goals and how their actions affect each other’s outcomes.

2. Mutual Influence

Interdependence Theory highlights the mutual influence that individuals exert on each other. It acknowledges that the choices and actions of one person can have repercussions on the other, leading to a reciprocal and mutually influential dynamic within the relationship.

3. Outcomes

Central to Interdependence Theory is the consideration of outcomes, which encompass the results and consequences that individuals experience as a result of their interactions with others. This includes both individual outcomes and collective outcomes that impact all parties involved.

4. Types of Interdependence

Interdependence Theory, which examines the dynamics of interpersonal relationships, identifies several types of interdependence. These types reflect the different ways individuals can be dependent on each other in a relationship.

Here are the main types of interdependence:

• Emotional Interdependence: This type involves the emotional bonds between people, where one person’s emotional state can affect the other’s.
• Social Interdependence: It refers to the degree to which individuals rely on each other for social resources and support.
• Instrumental Interdependence: This type is about the practical and task-oriented aspects of a relationship, such as working together to achieve common goals.
• Opportunity Interdependence: It involves the opportunities that become available to individuals through their relationships with others.

---

These types of interdependence highlight the multifaceted nature of relationships and how individuals influence each other’s experiences in various ways.

Examples of the Different Types of Interdependence

Here are examples of each type of interdependence in real-life situations:

Emotional Interdependence:

• A couple in a long-distance relationship relies heavily on daily video calls to maintain their emotional connection. When one partner is feeling down, the other offers comfort and reassurance, affecting each other’s emotional well-being.

Social Interdependence:

• Friends planning a vacation together depend on each other’s agreement and cooperation to choose the destination, activities, and manage the budget. Consequently, their interdependent behaviors ensure a shared and enjoyable experience.

Instrumental Interdependence:

• Colleagues working on a project must coordinate their tasks, share information, and support each other to meet deadlines and achieve their common goal of a successful project completion.

Opportunity Interdependence:

• In a mentor-mentee relationship, the mentor provides the mentee with networking opportunities and guidance, which can open doors for the mentee’s career advancement that they might not have had on their own.

Positive and Negative Interdependence

In Interdependence Theory, positive interdependence and negative interdependence refer to the nature of the relationships and interactions between individuals within a group setting:

• Positive Interdependence: This occurs when individuals in a group perceive that they can achieve their goals if and only if the other members of the group achieve theirs. It fosters a sense of collaboration and mutual support, leading to cooperative behavior. Group members are motivated to help one another, share resources, and work together towards common objectives, believing that one person’s success benefits the group as a whole.
  
  See Good Dependence; Bad Dependence for more on this topic
• Negative Interdependence: In contrast, negative interdependence arises when individuals believe that they can achieve their goals only at the expense of others in the group. This creates a competitive or adversarial atmosphere, where the success of one individual is seen as hindering the success of others. It can lead to oppositional behavior, where group members may work against each other, withhold information, or otherwise act in ways that could impede the progress of their peers.
  
  See Zero-Sum Games for more on this topic

---

These concepts are key in understanding how the structure of goals and tasks within a group can influence the dynamics of cooperation, competition, and overall group performance. Positive interdependence is generally associated with more effective teamwork and better group outcomes, while negative interdependence can lead to conflict and reduced group efficacy.

Applications of Interdependence Theory

1. Relationship Dynamics

Interdependence Theory offers valuable insights into the dynamics of various relationships, including romantic relationships, friendships, family dynamics, and professional collaborations. By understanding the interdependent nature of these connections, psychologists can explore factors such as cooperation, trust, communication, and conflict resolution within these relationships.

2. Group Behavior

Beyond individual relationships, Interdependence Theory is also relevant to understanding group dynamics and collective behavior. It sheds light on how individuals within a group are interlinked and how their interdependence shapes the group’s cohesion, decision-making processes, and overall functioning.

See Group Dynamics for more on this topic

3. Conflict Resolution

In the context of conflicts and disagreements, Interdependence Theory provides a framework for analyzing the underlying interdependencies that contribute to the conflict. This understanding can inform strategies for peaceful resolution and negotiation, taking into account the interdependent interests of the involved parties.

See Conflict Resolution for more on this topic

4. Interpersonal Influence

The theory’s emphasis on mutual influence underscores its relevance to the study of social influence and persuasion. By considering the interdependent nature of social interactions, psychologists can explore how individuals exert influence on each other’s attitudes, behaviors, and decision-making processes.

John Gottman, a prominent psychologist known for his extensive research on marriage and relationships, found that when men were unable to accept influence from their partner it was “a stable predictor of relationship meltdown.” Influence, he explains, “is not compliance; it is lively give and take. To be powerful in a relationship we must be capable of accepting influence on some things our partner wants” (Gottman, 2011).

Healthy Interdependence

In a world of words and definitions, society has stigmatized the word dependence as a terrible state, relegated for the weak. We cling to concepts of the rugged independent cowboy. However, we are all dependent. Just take that self-proclaimed independent person, drop them off in the jungle, away from technology and modern conveniences, and see how long they enthusiastically survive. The concept of “co-dependence” and its associate with addiction, perhaps, is to blame for our negative views of dependence.

Dependence, however, is not a all or nothing state. It is a practice measured on a continuum. A child, per se, is much more dependent on others than an adult. We depend on the production and distribution of goods from an interconnected economy. We give and take from countless interdependent relationships. When they function well, all parties benefit. When too many people draw from the relationships, becoming to dependent on the others, the interdependence deteriorates, and relationship satisfaction wanes with the imbalances.

Daniel Siegel, a clinical professor of psychiatry at the UCLA School of Medicine and the executive director of the Mindsight Institute, goes as far to say our minds are not even independent. He explains, “We don’t ‘own’ our minds—that we, our individual ‘selves,’ are interdependent on others for the functioning of our minds. This relational part of the definition makes some people uncomfortable. Yet if you are in a family, or in a one-to-one relationship, you know that your subjective, inner mental life is profoundly influenced by others” (Siegel, 2020).

Understanding interdependence can lead to greater relationship satisfaction. And, in Gottman’s words, prevent a “relationship meltdown.”

Interdependence and Secure Attachment

The value of dependence is difficult to measure. Where does unhealthy dependence begin and healthy dependence end? Like most psychology concepts adaptiveness relies on the response. Does the dependence encourage growth or does it interfere with personal development? Another prominent factor determining the values of the dependence is the object, system, or person we are depending on. If our partner in unstable, dependence on them can be damaging and hurtful. The dependence, rather than lift, pulls the individual down.

Once the variables are accounted for, dependence can be healthy part of a secure and satisfying relationship. Jude Cassidy and Phillip R. Shaver wrote that research has “inked secure attachment with high levels of trust, commitment, satisfaction, and interdependence. By contrast, avoidant and ambivalent attachment were negatively related to trust and satisfaction, and avoidant attachment was also related to low levels of interdependence and commitment” (Cassidy & Shaver, 2018).

Factors Impacting Relationship Satisfaction

Interdependence can have a significant impact on relationship satisfaction. According to Interdependence Theory, the satisfaction in a relationship is influenced by several factors:

• Current Satisfaction: Individuals who are currently satisfied with their relationship are more likely to remain committed to it.
• Quality of Alternatives: The belief that there are no more desirable alternatives available can increase commitment and satisfaction in the current relationship.
• Investment in the Relationship: The resources (time, emotions, etc.) that individuals have invested in a relationship can lead to higher satisfaction and commitment.

---

Moreover, a systematic review and meta-analysis suggest that relationship satisfaction can fluctuate across the lifespan and is influenced by age and relationship duration. It tends to decrease from age 20 to 40, reach a low point at age 40, then increase until age 65, and plateau in late adulthood (Leopold, unk.).

Emotional interdependence is emotional intimacy. In emotional interdependence partners are emotionally connected and influence each other’s well-being. Consequently, these intimate interdependent connections contribute to higher individual well-being and life satisfaction.

Overall, interdependence in relationships suggests that the more intertwined partners’ lives are, the more they influence each other’s happiness and satisfaction within the relationship.

See Emotional Intimacy for more on this topic

Maintaining Healthy Interdependence in a Relationships

Navigating interdependence challenges in relationships involves a delicate balance of maintaining a healthy connection while preserving individual autonomy. Here are some strategies couples can use:

• Open Communication: Discuss feelings, needs, and concerns openly without fear of judgment. This helps in understanding each other’s perspectives and needs.
• Empathy: Show understanding and compassion towards each other’s experiences. Empathy fosters a deeper emotional connection and mutual support.
• Compromise: Be willing to find middle ground where both partners’ needs are considered and met.
• Boundaries: Establish clear boundaries that respect personal space and individuality. This prevents over-dependence and maintains a sense of self.
• Teamwork: Work together as a team, supporting each other’s goals and dreams, while also pursuing personal interests.
• External Guidance: Sometimes, seeking help from a therapist or counselor can provide tools and strategies to strengthen the relationship.

---

By implementing these strategies, couples can enhance their relationship’s resilience and enjoy a fulfilling partnership that honors both togetherness and individuality.

Associated Concepts

• Social Exchange Theory: This theory posits that relationships are formed and maintained based on a cost-benefit analysis. This theory explains that individuals seek to maximize rewards and minimize costs.
• Attachment Theory: It explores how early relationships with caregivers influence an individual’s expectations and behavior in later relationships.
• Systems Theory: This perspective views individuals as part of larger, complex systems, emphasizing the interconnectedness and interdependence of all system elements.
• Social Identity Theory: It examines how individuals’ self-concepts are shaped by their membership in social groups. It explores how these memberships affect intergroup behavior.
• Game Theory: Often associated with economics, game theory also applies to psychology, analyzing strategic interactions where an individual’s success depends on the choices of others.
• Self-Disclosure Theory: It looks at how sharing personal information with others can build intimacy and interdependence in relationships.

A Few Words by Psychology Fanatic

Interdependence Theory serves as a valuable tool for psychologists seeking to understand the intricate dynamics of interpersonal relationships and group interactions. By recognizing the interconnected and mutually influential nature of human connections, researchers and practitioners can gain deeper insights into the factors that shape these relationships. Accordingly, they can use these factors to improve individual and collective well-being.

With its broad applicability across diverse relationship contexts, Interdependence Theory remains a cornerstone of social psychology. It offers a nuanced understanding of the complexities inherent in human interdependence and social interactions.

Last Update: August 16, 2025

References:

Cassidy, Jude; Shaver, Phillip R. (2018). Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research, and Clinical Applications. The Guilford Press; Third edition. ISBN: 9781462536641; APA Record: 2008-13837-000
(Return to Main Text)

Gottman, John M. (2011). The Science of Trust: Emotional Attunement for Couples. W. W. Norton & Company; Illustrated edition. ISBN-10: 0393707407; APA Record: 2011-06848-000
(Return to Main Text)

Johnson, Susan M. (2008). Hold Me Tight: Seven Conversations for a Lifetime of Love. Basic Books; First Edition. ISBN-13: 9780316113007
(Return to Main Text)

Leopold, Bryan (Unknown). Definition and Examples of Interdependent Relationships. Overcomers Counselling. Accessed: 5-1-2024. Website: https://overcomewithus.com/
(Return to Main Text)

Siegel, Daniel J. (2020). The Developing Mind: How Relationships and the Brain Interact to Shape Who We Are. The Guilford Press; 3rd edition. ISBN-10: 1462542751; APA Record: 2012-12726-000
(Return to Main Text)

Thibaut, J. W., & Kelley, H. H. (1959). The social psychology of groups. John Wiley & Sons. ASIN: B01D3YKOT6; APA Record: 1960-04214-000
(Return to Main Text)

Related Articles