The Hidden Challenges of SPD: Understanding and Supporting Children

In this fast-paced digital age, understanding complex conditions like Sensory Processing Disorder (SPD) is more crucial than ever. SPD affects countless children and adults, often manifesting in subtle yet profound ways that can disrupt daily life and interactions. As we unravel the hidden challenges faced by those with SPD, we aim to foster a community grounded in empathy, research, and shared knowledge.

At its core, Sensory Processing Disorder represents a fascinating intersection of neurobiology and psychology—one that invites us to explore how our brains interpret sensory information from the environment. This exploration not only sheds light on the experiences of individuals grappling with SPD but also encourages us all to cultivate an inclusive atmosphere where differences are acknowledged and supported.

What is Sensory Processing Disorder?

Sensory Processing Disorder (SPD), sometimes referred to as Sensory Integration Dysfunction, is a condition where the brain has trouble receiving and responding to information that comes in through the senses. Although it is not currently recognized as an official diagnosis in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), it is a condition that affects many individuals, particularly children. SPD can manifest in a variety of ways and can significantly impact daily life, from simple tasks to complex interactions.

Sensory Processing Disorder occurs when sensory signals are either not detected or do not get organized into appropriate responses. This can lead to difficulties in performing everyday tasks and can affect the way an individual interacts with their environment and other people. The senses that can be affected include sight, sound, touch, taste, smell, and even the sense of movement and body position.

The Role of Sensory Processing Systems

Living organisms have systems that process information from the environment. Reacting to the environment is a fundamental survival task.

Joseph LeDoux explains:

“Nonverbal specialized systems are epitomized by sensory systems. Each is involved in processing unique kinds of stimuli (sights, sounds, smells, and so on)” (LeDoux, 2013).

Basically, we hear a car horn, we see the moving car, and we jump out of the street.

Our life is composed of a constant flow of these interactive perception-reaction engagements. We gather information from the environment, assign personal meaning, and react. The prefrontal cortex acts as a convergence zone, receiving information from the specialized sensory systems, and integrating the information into a coherent reaction (LeDoux, 2013).

We refer to this process of receiving sensory information from these systems as bottom-up processing. Robert Sapolsky explains that the cortex “is the gleaming, logical, analytical crown jewel of layer.” The cortex decodes the sensory information and then directs a response. decoded. From the cortex, muscles are commanded to move, language is comprehended and produced, memories are stored, spatial and mathematical skills reside, and “executive decisions are made” (Sapolsky, 2018).

The role of sensory processing is an essential part of survival. Accordingly, disruptions to these vital systems may have a significant impact on our lives.

Causes and Risk Factors

The exact cause of SPD is not well understood, but it is believed to be related to the way the brain processes sensory information. Jelena Todorović and Mirjana Petrović-Lazić explain:

“Sensory development is complex, with morphological and neural components. It is conditioned genetically, but also by environmental factors. The senses begin to develop before birth and mature rapidly in the first year. Sensory integration is a term for the process by which the nervous system processes information that arrives in our brain at any moment through the senses (sense of sight, hearing, smell, taste, touch, vestibular and proprioceptive)” (Todorović & Petrović-Lazić, 2021).

The information is then integrated with other sensory information and past learning to motivate movement, learning, and behavior.

Todorović and Petrović-Lazić wrote:

“Each of the sensory systems has its own sequence and schedule of events, which are crucial in creating the basic neural architecture of each system. Sensory systems are developed in close cooperation with each other, because many aspects of sensory stimulation require coordination or integration to function optimally (Todorović & Petrović-Lazić, 2021).

Because of the early development of sensory processing systems, and the extensive systems involved, several factors from early development might contribute to the impairments associated with SPD, including:

• Genetics: There may be a genetic component, as SPD can run in families.
• Premature Birth: Infants born prematurely are at higher risk for developing SPD (Gafo et al., 2021).
• Environmental Factors: Early childhood experiences and environments can impact sensory processing.

Like most disorders there is no single cause. Typically it begins with a genetic vulnerability that is activated through cumulative environmental exposures.

See Diathesis Stress Model and Cumulative Risk for more on this topic

Sensory Processing Disorder as a Risk factor for Other Disorders

A genetic profile that is a predisposition for disease is sensory processing sensitivity (SPS). This genetic predisposition enhances stress experiences. Sensory processing sensitivity is expressed through a temperamental or personality trait. However, the cause is neural, involving an increased sensitivity of the central nervous system. A child’s sensory processing may affect the child’s development across many domains (Gee et al., 2021).

Significant research has attributed SPD as a risk factor for the development of anxiety disorders (McMahon et al., 2019).

Basically, SPD heightens the value of sensory information creating more incidents where the environment exceeds tolerance thresholds and begins to flood the system. Repeated experiences of excessive stress takes its toll on physical and cognitive functions, creating a greater collection of cumulative risks for other health and psychological disorders.

Moreover, the bodies over reactivity to mundane stimuli in the environment, such as the rolling of the eyes from a friend, may set the person with a sensory processing disorder into a heightened state of panic. On the opposite side of the spectrum, under reactivity to external social cues may also seriously impact and individuals ability to interrelate with others. These reactions impact relationships, which in turn impact wellbeing.

Symptoms of Sensory Processing Disorder

Daniel Goleman wrote that for any given emotion, “people can differ in how easily it triggers, how long it lasts, how intense it becomes” (Goleman, 2005). As unique individuals, we all have different interactions with stimuli. Some are very sensitive while others hardly register most environmental stimuli. We can be all over this spectrum of reactivity without considering our unique response as a disorder. It becomes a disorder when the processing of stimuli significantly interferes with our ability to function.

Symptoms of SPD can vary widely from person to person and can affect one or multiple senses. Common symptoms include:

• Over-sensitivity: Extreme reactions to sensory input such as bright lights, loud noises, or certain textures.
• Under-sensitivity: Lack of response to sensory input, such as not feeling pain or not noticing when someone is talking to them.
• Poor motor coordination: Difficulty with tasks requiring fine motor skills, such as writing or buttoning a shirt.
• Behavioral issues: Anxiety, frustration, or meltdowns in response to sensory stimuli.

Types of Sensory Processing Issues

SPD can present itself in different ways, generally categorized into three main types:

• Sensory Modulation Disorder (SMD): This type involves difficulty regulating responses to sensory stimuli. It can be divided into three subtypes:
  • Sensory Over-Responsivity (SOR): Individuals are overly sensitive to sensory input, leading to avoidance behaviors and anxiety.
  • Sensory Under-Responsivity (SUR): Individuals might not notice sensory input, leading to a lack of response or delayed responses.
  • Sensory Seeking/Craving (SS): Individuals have an insatiable desire for sensory experiences, often engaging in risk-taking behaviors.

• Sensory-Based Motor Disorder (SBMD): This type affects balance, motor skills, and coordination. It includes:
  • Dyspraxia: Difficulty with motor planning and execution.
  • Postural Disorder: Difficulty with maintaining proper postural control and stability.

• Sensory Discrimination Disorder (SDD): Individuals have trouble discerning the differences between similar stimuli, such as textures, sounds, or tastes.

An Example of Living with Sensory Processing Disorder

Sensory Overload: A Day in the Life of a Child with SPD

Eight-year-old Ethan has Sensory Processing Disorder (SPD). His world is often a cacophony of sights, sounds, and sensations that can overwhelm him. A typical day for Ethan can be a minefield of sensory triggers.

The morning school bell, usually a familiar sound for most children, can send Ethan into a tailspin. The loud, high-pitched noise feels like a physical assault on his senses, causing him to cover his ears and retreat to a quiet corner. The fluorescent lights in the classroom flicker and buzz, creating a visual disturbance that makes it difficult to concentrate.

Lunchtime presents its own challenges. The cafeteria’s noisy chatter and the smells of various foods can be overwhelming. The texture of certain foods may feel unpleasant, and the bright colors of the cafeteria trays can be visually stimulating to the point of discomfort.

Ethan also struggles with social interactions. The touch of a classmate’s hand can feel like an invasion of personal space, and loud voices can be overwhelming. These sensory sensitivities can make it difficult for him to form friendships and participate in group activities.

After school, Ethan often needs time to de-stress and process the sensory overload he has experienced throughout the day. He may seek out quiet activities, such as reading or drawing, to calm his senses.

Living with SPD can be a constant struggle, but with understanding, support, and appropriate accommodations, children like Ethan can learn to manage their sensory sensitivities and lead fulfilling lives.

Diagnosis and Treatment

Diagnosing SPD typically involves a thorough evaluation by occupational therapists who specialize in sensory integration. The evaluation may include standardized tests, clinical observations, and parent or caregiver reports.

Treatment for SPD often involves occupational therapy with a sensory integration approach. This therapy aims to help individuals develop a more accurate and efficient processing of sensory information. Therapy sessions might include activities that challenge and stimulate the senses in a structured, supportive environment.

Sensory Diet

A sensory diet is a personalized plan of physical activities and accommodations designed to help an individual stay focused and organized throughout the day. Kate Kelly explains, “A sensory diet is a tailored plan of physical activities and accommodations designed to meet a child’s sensory needs. This type of treatment has nothing to do with food. The goal is to get kids in a ‘just right’ state (Kelly).

This can include a variety of sensory experiences, such as:

• Activities that provide deep pressure, such as weighted blankets or vests.
• Calming activities, like swinging or using a sensory room.
• Alerting activities, such as jumping on a trampoline or chewing crunchy snacks.

Parent and Caregiver Support

Supporting a child with SPD can be challenging for parents and caregivers. It is important to work closely with therapists to understand the child’s needs and to create a supportive home environment. Strategies might include:

• Providing a predictable routine to help the child feel more secure.
• Using visual schedules and cues to assist with transitions.
• Creating a sensory-friendly space at home where the child can go to calm down.

A Few Words by Psychology Fanatic

Sensory Processing Disorder is a complex condition that affects how individuals interpret and respond to sensory information. While it poses several challenges, early diagnosis and intervention can make a significant difference in managing symptoms and improving quality of life. With the right support and strategies, individuals with SPD can lead fulfilling and productive lives.

Understanding and awareness of SPD are crucial not only for those affected but also for the broader community. By fostering an inclusive and supportive environment, we can ensure that individuals with Sensory Processing Disorder have the opportunity to thrive and reach their full potential.

Last Update: April 13, 2026

Associated Concepts

• Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): This is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by difficulties with social interaction, communication, and repetitive behaviors. It manifests in a wide range of symptoms and severity, affecting each individual differently.
• Intermittent Explosive Disorder (IED): This disorder is a mental health condition characterized by impulsive, disproportionate outbursts of anger. Individuals with IED often experience significant distress and impairment in various areas of life.
• Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): This is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that interfere with functioning or development. It manifests in childhood but can persist into adulthood.
• Information Processing Theory: This is a cognitive framework that focuses on the mental processes involved in perceiving, organizing, understanding, and retrieving information.
• Anxiety Disorders: These are are a group of mental health conditions characterized by significant feelings of anxiety and fear. These disorders can interfere with daily activities and may be accompanied by physical symptoms like rapid heartbeat, sweating, and trembling.
• Biopsychosocial Model: This model expands on the diathesis-stress framework by incorporating biological, psychological, and social factors to explain mental health outcomes. It emphasizes the importance of complex interactions between these three domains.
• Transactional Model of Stress and Coping: Proposed by Lazarus and Folkman, this model focuses on the transaction between an individual and their environment, including the stress response and coping strategies. It’s a dynamic model that considers how people appraise stressors and their resources for coping.

References:

Gafo B, G.; Lobete L, D.; Montes R, M.; Paz A, V.; del-Riego S, S. (2021). Predictive Factors for Sensory Processing Disorders. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation – International. DOI: 10.26420/physmedrehabilint.2021.1174
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​Gee, B.; Aubuchon-Endsley, N.; Prow, A. (2021). Perinatal Maternal Mental Health and Breastfeeding Are Associated with Infant and Toddler Sensory Profiles. Children, 8(9). DOI:  10.3390/children8090766
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Goleman, Daniel (2005). Emotional Intelligence: Why It Can Matter More Than IQ. Bantam Books. ISBN-10: 055338371X
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Kelly, Kate (Unknown). What is a sensory diet? Understood. Published: Unlisted. Retrieved: 10-21-2024. Website: https://www.understood.org/en/articles/sensory-diet-treatment-what-you-need-to-know
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LeDoux, Joseph (2003). Synaptic Self: How Our Brains Become Who We Are. Penguin Books. ISBN-10: ‎0142001783
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McMahon, K.; Anand, D.; Morris-Jones, M.; Rosenthal, M. (2019). A Path From Childhood Sensory Processing Disorder to Anxiety Disorders: The Mediating Role of Emotion Dysregulation and Adult Sensory Processing Disorder Symptoms. Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience. DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2019.00022
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Sapolsky, Robert (2018). Behave: The Biology of Humans at Our Best and Worst. Penguin Books; Illustrated edition. ISBN-10: 1594205078
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Todorović, Jelena; Petrović-Lazić, Mirjana (2021). Sensory processing disorders in premature infants. Praxis medica.
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