Psychology Fanatic

Toxic Stress

| T. Franklin Murphy

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The Silent Threat: Understanding Toxic Stress

Toxic stress, a term coined by the National Scientific Council on the Developing Child in the early 2000’s to describe extensive effects of excessive activation of stress response systems on a child’s developing brain, as well as the immune system, metabolic regulatory systems, and cardiovascular system. This type of stress can have a detrimental impact on an individual’s physical and mental well-being, particularly during critical periods of development.

While toxic stress is specifically identified in Adverse Childhood Experiences, excessive states of stress are toxic to all organisms. By understanding the role of stress in our survival, and the impact of chronic and prolonged stress (toxic stress), we can better manage our lives and assists others (professionally or domestically) by attending to, and alleviating toxic stress.

Key Definition:

Toxic stress refers to the prolonged activation of the body’s stress response systems in the absence of protective relationships. When a person experiences toxic stress, it can have detrimental effects on their physical and mental health, particularly in early childhood. This type of stress can result from ongoing exposure to adverse experiences, such as abuse, neglect, or household dysfunction. Over time, toxic stress can disrupt the development of the brain and other organ systems, leading to long-term health problems.

Causes of Toxic Stress

The impact of toxic stress on individuals is profound and far-reaching. It can be triggered by a multitude of adverse experiences, including neglect, abuse, or exposure to violence. These experiences can have a lasting effect on individuals, shaping their emotional and psychological well-being. Moreover, factors such as unstable family environments, poverty, and chronic illness can further exacerbate the onset of toxic stress in both children and adults, creating a complex web of challenges to navigate.

A basic description of chronic stress is any amount of stress that exceeds our resources and ability to manage it. While we can all, grin and bare occasional states of emotional overload, when those instances of extreme and prolonged stress are frequent, the stress begin to damage our physiological and mental systems.

Understanding the various triggers and contributing factors to toxic stress is crucial in order to develop effective strategies for intervention and support.

Major causes of toxic stress:

The Importance of Stress

Stress is not the enemy. We need stress to initiate adaptive responses. The adaptive function of stress is the motivation for psychology’s adopting additional descriptors, such as toxic stress, chronic stress, and prolonged stress, to identify maladaptive stress that may severely impact our lives.

We want the right amount of stress “enough that (we) get the motivational butterflies without the out-of-control panic attacks and chronic stress” (Kashdan & Biswas-Diener, 2015). We can’t run from every ounce of stress. Stress is inseparably intertwined with challenges that promote growth. We need these opportunities. However, we also can’t haphazardly dive head first into every challenge. Life requires balance.

The HPA Axis and Stress Response

The HPA axis, also known as the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, is a crucial system in the human body that plays a significant role in regulating our response to stress. Basically, the HPA axis is a complex network of interactions between the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal glands. When we are threatened, activity in this region of the brain is activated through the release of cortisol, preparing the organism for an adaptive response. After the release of cortisol levels into the blood, a balancing process occurs, allowing the body to return to normal functioning.

The “stress response coordinates endocrine, neural, cardiovascular, and immune systems with the aim to maximize survival chances” (Hofland et al., 2015).

See HPA Axis for more on this topic

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

According to the General Adaptation Syndrome, developed by Hans Selye, our body goes through three distinct stages in reaction to stress. These are an alarm stage, a resistance stage, and concluding in an exhaustion stage. The movement through the stages represents the fight-flight response, the bodies reaction to return to homeostasis and the final state of exhaustion of the stressor.

We have a basic biological reaction to stress “irrespective of the agent used to produce stress” (Selye, 1951). However, Selye’s theory emphasizes that when “excessive stress occurs when the demands made on an organism exceed that organism’s reasonable capacities to fulfill them” (Maté, 2011).

See General Adaptation Syndrome for more on this topic

The Diathesis Stress Model

The diathesis stress model, also known as the vulnerability–stress model, is a psychological theory that disorders develop as a result of interactions between pre-dispositional vulnerabilities (the diathesis), and stress caused by life experiences. Toxic stress in this model refers to stress that is severe enough to activate pre-dispositional vulnerabilities.

Basically, when a combination of the predisposition and stress exceeds a threshold, the person will develop a disorder.

See Diathesis Stress Model for more on this topic

Impact on Health

The effects of toxic stress on health are indeed far-reaching. When individuals are exposed to toxic stress, it can wreak havoc on their bodies and minds. One of the most concerning impacts is its potential to disrupt the natural development of the brain, particularly in children. This disruption can lead to long-term cognitive and emotional difficulties, affecting their ability to learn, form relationships, and cope with stress later in life.

Robert D. Putnam, Ph.D., global authority on social capital, explains:

“Children who experience severe or chronic stress…are more likely to have impaired executive functioning. This, in turn, leaves them less able to solve problems, cope with adversity, and organize their lives” (Putnam, 2015).

In an unfair display of evolution, those that experience toxic environments in childhood, may also suffer with self efficacy throughout life because of developmental impairments associated to early and prolonged exposures to stress.

Robin Karr-Morse and Meredith S. Wiley, authorities on early childhood trauma, explain:

“Any factors which increase the activity or reactivity of the brainstem (e.g., chronic stress) or decrease the moderating capacity of the limbic or cortical areas (e.g., neglect) will increase an individual’s aggressiveness, impulsivity, and capacity to display violence” (Karr-Morse & Wiley, 2014, p. 9).

Lisa Feldman-Barrett, Ph.D., a University Distinguished Professor of Psychology at Northeastern University, wrote:

“If you constantly struggle in a simmering sea of stress, and your body budget accrues an ever-deepening deficit, that’s called chronic stress, and it does more than just make you miserable in the moment. Over time, anything that contributes to chronic stress can gradually eat away at your brain and cause illness in your body” (Barrett, 2020).

See Psychoneuroimmunology for more on this topic

Physical Signs of Toxic Stress

Excessive stress often manifests itself through a number of physical symptoms. These may include:

Toxic Biological Explanation of Stress

Putnam wrote that, “the stress response itself (that is, sharp increases in adrenaline, blood pressure, heart rate, glucose, and stress hormones) represents a highly effective defense mechanism, fashioned by evolution to help all animal species deal with immediate danger.” However, these same mechanisms are also critical measurements for health.

Doctors routinely monitor a patient’s blood pressure, heart rate, and glucose levels to determine a person’s later susceptibility to later diseases. When these measurements are consistently high, the physician collaborate with a patient to integrate lifestyle changes and medication that help bring these core measurements back to healthy ranges.

Putnam continues to explain that “extreme stress causes a cascade of biochemical and anatomical changes that impair brain development and change brain architecture at a basic level” (Putnam, 2015).

Immune System and Toxic Stress

Moreover, the immune system can also suffer under the weight of prolonged toxic stress. It becomes weakened and less effective at fighting off infections and maintaining overall health. This can leave individuals more vulnerable to various illnesses and diseases, making it crucial to address and mitigate toxic stress for the sake of overall well-being.

Gabor Mate explains that stress inducing situation, whether we are aware of them or not, when “repeated and multiplied over the years…have the potential of harming homeostasis and the immune system” (Maté, 2011).

See Strengthening the Immune System for more on this topic

Chronic Disease and Toxic Stress

In addition, the risk of developing chronic conditions such as heart disease and diabetes is heightened in individuals who have experienced toxic stress. The physiological toll of the continuous stress response on the body can contribute to the development and progression of these serious health issues, emphasizing the urgent need to address and alleviate the effects of toxic stress on individuals’ lives.

The psychological and behavioral impacts of toxic stress cannot be overlooked. Individuals exposed to toxic stress may struggle with emotional regulation, experiencing heightened anxiety, depression, and other mental health challenges. Additionally, behavioral issues may manifest, affecting their relationships, academic or professional performance, and overall quality of life.

In light of these multifaceted effects, it’s clear that addressing toxic stress is not only critical for individual well-being, but also for the overall health of communities and societies. Preventive measures and appropriate support systems are essential to mitigate the detrimental effects of toxic stress and promote healthier, more resilient individuals.

Managing Toxic Stress

The management of toxic stress necessitates a comprehensive and multifaceted approach to minimize its detrimental effects on an individual’s well-being and overall health. Daniel J. Siegel wrote, “Finding a way to soothe excessively reactive limbic firing is crucial to rebalancing emotions and diminishing the harmful effects of chronic stress” (Siegel, 2009).

One of the fundamental components in addressing toxic stress is the establishment and cultivation of supportive relationships with individuals such as family members, friends, or professionals within the mental health field. These relationships can serve as vital sources of emotional support, guidance, and understanding, which are essential in navigating and mitigating the impact of toxic stress.

See Dyadic Regulation for more on this topic

Furthermore, engaging in activities that promote relaxation and foster a sense of tranquility can play a significant role in regulating the body’s stress response. Practices such as mindfulness and meditation have been shown to be effective in enhancing self-awareness, reducing anxiety, and promoting a state of calm that can counteract the impact of toxic stress. By incorporating these practices into one’s daily routine, individuals can proactively manage the effects of toxic stress and bolster their resilience in the face of adversity.

The management of toxic stress entails a multifaceted approach that includes the nurturing of supportive relationships and the incorporation of relaxation-promoting activities. By embracing these strategies, individuals can work towards alleviating the impact of toxic stress and fostering a greater sense of emotional well-being and balance.

See Emotional Regulation for more on this topic

Seeking Help

It is crucial for individuals dealing with toxic stress to recognize the significance of seeking professional assistance. Therapy, especially trauma-informed therapy, plays a pivotal role in aiding the processing of past experiences and the development of healthy coping mechanisms to navigate through challenging times. Through the guidance of a qualified therapist, individuals can gain a deeper understanding of the impacts of toxic stress on their overall well-being. Moreover, they can learn effective strategies to address these challenges and cultivate resilience.

Therapy provides a safe and supportive environment for individuals to explore their emotions, thoughts, and behaviors, ultimately empowering them to embark on a journey of healing and growth.

Therapy for Toxic Stress

There are several therapies that are considered ideal for reducing chronic stress:

It’s important to note that the effectiveness of these therapies can vary from person to person, so it’s advisable to consult with a healthcare professional to determine the most suitable approach for individual needs.

See Therapy Styles for more on different therapies available

Associated Concepts

  • Stress and Coping Theory: This theory developed by Richard Lazarus and Susan Folkman suggests that individuals experience stress when they perceive a discrepancy between the demands of a situation and their perceived ability to cope with those demands.
  • Lazarus’ Cognitive Processing Theory: This theory posits that emotions arise not directly from external stimuli, but from our interpretations and evaluations of those stimuli. This “appraisal” process involves two key stages: primary appraisal (assessing the significance of the event—is it irrelevant, positive, or stressful?) and secondary appraisal (evaluating our ability to cope with the event).
  • Biopsychosocial Model: This model refers to the interrelated impact of biology, psychology, and social environments on an individuals health.
  • Fight-or-Flight Response: The alarm stage of GAS is similar to the fight-or-flight response, where the body prepares to confront or flee from a threat.
  • Allostatic Load: This concept refers to the wear and tear on the body caused by chronic or repeated stress
  • Trauma and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): Toxic stress is intricately related to trauma. Without adequate coping skills and resilience the toxic stress associated with trauma damages the human psyche manifesting as PTSD.
  • General Adaptation Syndrome: This is the early theory presented by Hans Selye on the bodies response to stress.

A Few Words by Psychology Fanatic

In conclusion, toxic stress, the prolonged activation of the body’s stress response system, can have profound and lasting effects on physical and mental health. By understanding the science behind toxic stress, we can take steps to mitigate its impact. Building resilience, practicing stress management techniques, and seeking support from loved ones are essential strategies for coping with chronic stress.

It is crucial to prioritize self-care, prioritize sleep, and engage in regular physical activity to promote overall well-being. By taking proactive steps to manage stress, we can protect our mental and physical health and lead more fulfilling lives.

Last updated: March 3, 2026

References:

Barrett, Lisa Feldman (2020) Seven and a Half Lessons About the Brain. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN-10: 035864559X
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Hofland, J., Bakker, J., & Feelders, R. (2015). What’s new on the HPA axis?. Intensive Care Medicine, 41(8), 1477-1479. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-015-3771-8
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Kashdan, Todd; Biswas-Diener, Robert (2015) The Upside of Your Dark Side: Why Being Your Whole Self–Not Just Your “Good” Self–Drives Success and Fulfillment. Plume; Reprint edition. ISBN-10: 0147516447
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Karr-Morse, Robin; Wiley, Meredith S. (2014). Ghosts from the Nursery: Tracing the Roots of Violence. Atlantic Monthly Press; 1st edition. ISBN-10: 0802196330
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Maté, Gabor (2008). When the Body Says No. ‎Trade Paper Press; 1st edition. ISBN-10: 0470349476
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Putnam, Robert D. (2015). Our Kids: The American Dream in Crisis. ‎Simon & Schuster; Reprint edition. ISBN-10: 1476769893
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Selye, Hans (1951). The General-Adaptation-Syndrome. Annual Review of Medicine, 2(1), 327-342. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.me.02.020151.001551
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Siegel, Daniel J. (2009). Mindsight: The New Science of Personal Transformation. Bantam. ISBN-10: 0553386395; APA Record: 2010-04183-000
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