The Benefits and Dynamics of Group Therapy

Group therapy offers a unique and powerful approach to mental health treatment, fostering a sense of community and shared experience within a supportive environment. Unlike individual therapy, which focuses solely on the individual, group therapy brings together a small group of individuals, typically 4-12 people, who share common experiences, such as a specific mental health condition, a shared life event, or a particular life stage. Within this dynamic setting, individuals can learn from one another’s experiences, offer mutual support, and gain valuable insights into their own thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.  

The shared experience within the group provides a sense of belonging and understanding that can be difficult to find elsewhere. Members can learn from the diverse perspectives and coping strategies of others, realizing that they are not alone in their struggles. This shared understanding can be incredibly validating and empowering, fostering a sense of hope and resilience. Furthermore, the opportunity to help others within the group can cultivate a sense of purpose and altruism, contributing to a deeper sense of personal growth and fulfillment.

Introduction: An Insight into Collective Healing

Group therapy, a form of psychotherapy involving one or more therapists working with several people simultaneously, has gained increasing recognition for its effectiveness in addressing a variety of psychological issues. Group therapy refers to a therapeutic group consisting of one or more facilitators working with a group of people.

This therapeutic approach draws on the unique dynamics and interactions within a group to foster individual growth and collective healing. Therapy often helps people find new approaches to managing their mental life. A good therapist may even help a client formulate a plan to improve the structure of their day to day life so it boosts moods, while decreasing emotional distress. However, a group adds an important element to growth and wellness—others.

Robert J. Waldinger and Marc Schulz, Ph.D., wrote that good relationships are “significant enough that if we had to take all eighty-four years of the Harvard Study and boil it down to a single principle for living, one life investment that is supported by similar findings across a wide variety of other studies, it would be this: Good relationships keep us healthier and happier. Period” (Waldinger & Schulz, 2023).

A group provides a controlled environment where individuals with a similar focus meet together, under the watchful guidance of a skilled group leader to work on some identified issue.

Understanding Group Therapy

Group therapy involves a small number of individuals, typically ranging from six to twelve participants, who meet regularly to share their experiences, discuss their challenges, and support one another under the guidance of one or more trained therapists. Ji Zhang, Huinan Hu, and their colleagues define group therapy as a psychosocial intervention “which fosters clients’ changes through various group processes in the guidance of group leaders and it is a common approach in clinical social work practice” (Zhang et al., 2024).

Sessions can be open-ended or time-limited, depending on the group’s goals and the nature of the issues being addressed. The group setting provides a safe space for individuals to express their thoughts and emotions, receive feedback, and learn from the experiences of others.

The Role of the Therapist

The therapist or therapists play a crucial role in facilitating group therapy sessions. They are responsible for creating a supportive and non-judgmental environment, guiding discussions, and ensuring that each participant has an opportunity to contribute. Therapists also help manage group dynamics, address conflicts, and provide professional insights that can help participants understand their behaviors and emotions more deeply. W. R. Bion wrote that if group therapy is to succeed “it appears necessary that he should have the outlook, and the sort of intuitive sympathetic flair, of the good unit commander” (Bion, 2004).

According to Sigmund Freud:

“The key element for a group was the presence of a leader with whom members could identify and with whom they could form an attachment. Out of members’ common relationship with the leader comes their identification with one another. This identification sets the stage for empathy, whereby members can participate in one another’s psychological lives” (Brabender et al., 2004).

Within the group, an assertive group member can easily take over the flow of the group, distracting from the purpose and leading other group members astray.

Group Dynamics Within a Group

Group therapy creates a social environment. However, within group environments, along with the many positive aspects, also some detrimental experiences may arise. A therapist running a group must watch for detrimental elements within the group to protect the sanctity of the therapeutic process. The therapist may have vast knowledge on a therapeutic process, however, if they cannot maintain positive influence over a group it can cause more harm than it helps.

Gustave Le Bon, a 19th-century French sociologist and psychologist, was a significant figure in early group theory.

Le Bon explains:

“From the psychological point of view the expression ‘crowd’ assumes quite a different signification. Under certain given circumstances, and only under those circumstances, an agglomeration of men presents new characteristics very different from those of the individuals composing it. The sentiments and ideas of all the persons in the gathering take one and the same direction, and their conscious personality vanishes. A collective mind is formed, doubtless transitory, but presenting very clearly defined characteristics. The gathering has thus become what, in the absence of a better expression, I will call an organized crowd, or, if the term is considered preferable, a psychological crowd. It forms a single being, and is subjected to the law of the mental unity of crowds” (Le Bon, 1895).

An effective group leader can marshal the group dynamics together in a way that promotes healing and learning for each individual.

See Group Relations Theory for more on this topic

Group dynamics can have some detrimental aspects:

• Conflict and Disagreement:
  • Personality Clashes: Differing personalities and communication styles can lead to friction and conflict within the group.
  • Power Struggles: Competition for leadership, recognition, or resources can create power struggles and undermine group cohesion.
  • Groupthink: The desire for harmony within the group can lead to a suppression of dissenting opinions, resulting in poor decision-making.

• Social Loafing:
  • Some individuals may exert less effort when working in a group compared to when working individually. This can occur when individual contributions are not easily identifiable or when individuals feel their efforts are not valued.

• Free Riding:
  • Some individuals may attempt to benefit from the work of others without contributing significantly themselves, relying on the group to carry them.

• Cliques and Exclusion:
  • Subgroups or cliques may form within the group, excluding certain members and creating feelings of isolation and resentment.

• Communication Barriers:
  • Poor communication, such as unclear instructions, misinterpretations, and lack of active listening, can hinder group progress and lead to frustration.

• Lack of Trust:
  • A lack of trust among group members can hinder open communication, collaboration, and the development of a supportive and productive environment.

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These are just a few examples of the potential detrimental aspects of group dynamics. It’s important to be aware of these potential challenges and to proactively address them to ensure that group interactions are productive and beneficial for all members.

See Group Dynamics for more on this topic

Benefits of Group Therapy

Group therapy offers numerous benefits that can complement and, in some cases, even surpass the advantages of individual therapy. Some of the key benefits include:

Shared Experiences and Empathy

One of the most significant advantages of group therapy is the opportunity to connect with others who are facing similar challenges. Paul Greenhalgh wrote that to relate empathically “to other people usually involves a certain effort, as empathy is an attitude that requires one to set aside one’s own feelings and needs and to step partially outside oneself” (Greenhalgh, 1994). The shared shared experience of group therapy fosters a sense of empathy and understanding, helping participants realize that they are not alone in their struggles. Hearing others’ stories can provide new perspectives and insights, making it easier to cope with personal issues.

See Psychology of Empathy for more on this topic

Social Skills Development

Group therapy provides a unique environment for individuals to develop and practice social skills. Participants learn to communicate more effectively, assert themselves, and navigate interpersonal relationships. These skills are particularly valuable for those dealing with social anxiety, depression, or other conditions that impact their ability to interact with others. Seymour Epstein wrote that social skills define “our relationship to the external world, how we interact with others” (Epstein, 1998).

Mardi Horowitz lists belonging to a group as one of the basic activities we can do to boost happiness. However, he reminds that group participation requires good social skills of “tolerance for irritating differences and the ability to recognize and deal with our own fears of rejection or exploitation” (Horowitz, 2008).

See Social Skills for more on this topic

Enhanced Self-Awareness

Through group interactions and feedback, participants gain a deeper understanding of their behaviors, thoughts, and emotions. Horowitz explains that “with this new self awareness, you would be better equipped to handle similar situations in the future and to act more consistently with our own best interests and in harmony with our values.” He continues, “we often act spontaneously, in the moment, and we may not even be sure immediately that we are in the wrong. It can take time and careful self-analysis to understand how we lapsed and then to decide how to rectify the situation and restore harmony, personally and with others” (Horowitz, 2008).

This enhanced self-awareness can lead to personal growth and positive changes in how they approach life’s challenges. Group therapy encourages individuals to reflect on their actions and consider how they affect others, fostering a greater sense of responsibility and self-improvement.

See Self-Awareness Theory for more on this topic

Support and Encouragement

The support and encouragement of fellow group members can be incredibly motivating. Knowing that others are rooting for your success can boost self-esteem and provide the confidence needed to make meaningful changes. Group members often form strong bonds and continue to support each other even outside of therapy sessions.

Clients who become involved in “a sober community or mutual support group have greater success at developing a supportive recovery lifestyle.” Recovery requires long-term commitment as “you learn the life skills that will give you long-term success” (Blassingame, 2019). Gabor Maté, MD., wrote that research “revealed a significant interaction between highly threatening life stressors and social support.” Women experiencing “a stressor objectively rated as highly threatening and who were without intimate emotional social support had a ninefold increase in risk of developing breast carcinoma” (Maté, 2008).

Basically, even without a purposeful psychotherapeutic element, a group that provides support can significantly enhance the wellbeing of its members.

See Supportive Environment for more on this topic

Cost-Effective

Compared to individual therapy, group therapy is often more cost-effective. Since the therapist’s time is shared among multiple participants, the overall cost per person is lower. This makes therapy more accessible to those who might not otherwise be able to afford it.

Different Theoretical Approaches to Group Therapy

• Interpersonal: Focuses on improving communication patterns and relationships within the group, helping members to better understand and relate to each other.
• Psychodynamic: Explores unconscious processes and past experiences that influence current behavior, with an emphasis on understanding and resolving internal conflicts.
• Social systems: Examines the group as a whole, including its structures, roles, and dynamics, to understand how these elements influence individual behavior and group functioning.
• Cognitive-behavioral: Utilizes principles of cognitive-behavioral therapy to address maladaptive thoughts and behaviors, promoting the development of healthier coping mechanisms and interactions.
• Psychodrama: Involves role-playing and dramatization to explore and resolve personal and interpersonal issues, allowing participants to gain new insights and perspectives.
• Redecision therapy: Combines techniques from both transactional analysis and Gestalt therapy, encouraging individuals to make new decisions about their lives and behaviors based on increased awareness and self-understanding.
• Existential therapy: Focuses on issues related to existence, such as meaning, choice, and responsibility, helping individuals to confront and embrace the realities of life.

Types of Group Therapy

There are several different types of group therapy, each with its own focus and structure. Some of the most common types include:

1. Psychoeducational Groups

These groups focus on providing information and education about specific issues, such as anxiety, depression, or addiction. Participants learn about the nature of their condition, coping strategies, and available resources. The goal is to empower individuals with knowledge and tools to manage their symptoms effectively (Murphy, 2025).

Mental Health Conditions Groups

• Depression Support Groups: Educate members about depression, coping strategies, and medication management.  
• Anxiety Management Groups: Teach relaxation techniques, cognitive restructuring, and social skills to manage anxiety.
• Bipolar Disorder Support Groups: Provide information about mood stabilization, medication adherence, and relapse prevention.
• Schizophrenia Support Groups: Offer education about the illness, medication management, and coping with symptoms.
• Eating Disorder Support Groups: Educate members about disordered eating behaviors, healthy eating habits, and body image.

Life Transitions Groups

• Grief and Loss Support Groups: Help individuals cope with the loss of a loved one.  
• Divorce Support Groups: Assist individuals in navigating the emotional and practical challenges of divorce.  
• Parenting Skills Groups: Provide education and support for parents on various aspects of child development and parenting.  
• Chronic Illness Support Groups: Offer a supportive environment for individuals living with chronic illnesses.

See Life Transitions for more on this topic

Specific Population Groups

• Veterans Support Groups: Address the unique challenges faced by veterans, such as PTSD, trauma, and reintegration into civilian life.  
• LGBTQ+ Support Groups: Provide a safe and supportive space for individuals who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, or queer.  
• Support Groups for Caregivers: Offer support and education for individuals caring for loved ones with chronic illnesses or disabilities.

2. Skills Development Groups

Skills development groups aim to teach specific skills that can help participants cope with their issues. These skills may include stress management techniques, relaxation exercises, or communication strategies. The emphasis is on practical application and skill-building.

Some Common Skills Development Groups

• Social Skills Training Groups: These groups focus on improving communication, assertiveness, and social interaction skills. They can be beneficial for individuals with social anxiety, autism spectrum disorder, or other conditions that impact social functioning.
• Anger Management Groups: These groups provide individuals with tools and techniques to manage anger effectively. They may involve exercises in relaxation, communication, and problem-solving.
• Stress Management Groups: These groups teach participants relaxation techniques, mindfulness practices, and coping strategies for managing stress and anxiety.
• Assertiveness Training Groups: These groups help individuals learn to express their needs and opinions effectively while respecting the rights of others.
• Communication Skills Groups: These groups focus on improving communication skills, such as active listening, non-verbal communication, and conflict resolution.
• Life Skills Training Groups: These groups focus on developing essential life skills, such as budgeting, cooking, and problem-solving.
• Relapse Prevention Groups: These groups are often used in addiction treatment to help individuals develop and practice relapse prevention strategies.

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These are just a few examples of skills development groups. The specific focus and techniques used will vary depending on the goals of the group and the needs of the participants.

3. Support Groups

Support groups provide a space for individuals to share their experiences, offer support, and receive encouragement from others facing similar challenges. These groups are often led by peers rather than professional therapists, although a therapist may be present to facilitate discussions and provide guidance.

• Grief and Loss Support Groups: These groups provide a safe and supportive space for individuals who are grieving the loss of a loved one.  
• Cancer Support Groups: Offer emotional and practical support to individuals living with cancer, as well as their families and caregivers.  
• Chronic Illness Support Groups: Provide support and education for individuals living with chronic illnesses such as diabetes, arthritis, or multiple sclerosis.
• Caregiver Support Groups: Offer support and education for individuals caring for loved ones with chronic illnesses, disabilities, or dementia.  
• Addiction Recovery Groups: Such as Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) and Narcotics Anonymous (NA), provide peer support and guidance for individuals recovering from substance abuse.  
• Domestic Violence Support Groups: Offer support and resources for individuals who have experienced domestic violence.  
• LGBTQ+ Support Groups: Provide a safe and supportive space for individuals who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, or queer.  
• Veterans Support Groups: Address the unique challenges faced by veterans, such as PTSD, trauma, and reintegration into civilian life.

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This list is not exhaustive, and many other types of support groups exist. These groups provide valuable emotional and practical support, helping individuals cope with challenging life experiences and build a stronger sense of community.

4. Cognitive-Behavioral Groups

Cognitive-behavioral groups focus on identifying and changing negative thought patterns and behaviors. Participants learn to recognize cognitive distortions, develop healthier ways of thinking, and practice new behaviors in a supportive environment. These groups are often structured and goal-oriented, with specific objectives and progress tracking.

Group Therapy Complements Other Forms of Psychotherapy

Group therapy often complements or follows other forms of psychotherapy, offering unique benefits that can enhance the overall treatment experience. For instance, after completing individual therapy, individuals may benefit from joining a group therapy setting to practice newly acquired skills in a supportive environment. This allows them to apply their therapeutic insights in a social context, receive feedback from peers, and develop more effective interpersonal communication skills.

Furthermore, group therapy can provide ongoing support and maintenance following more intensive individual therapies. For example, individuals recovering from substance abuse may transition from individual therapy to a 12-step group or a relapse prevention group. These groups provide a continued sense of community, accountability, and support, helping individuals maintain their sobriety and address any emerging challenges.

In essence, group therapy can serve as a valuable adjunct to other forms of psychotherapy, providing a complementary and often synergistic approach to mental health treatment. By combining the personalized insights gained from individual therapy with the support, feedback, and shared experiences offered by a group setting, individuals can achieve more comprehensive and lasting therapeutic outcomes.

See Integrative Therapy for more on this topic

Online Therapy Groups

Online therapy groups offer a convenient and accessible alternative to traditional in-person groups. They utilize technology like video conferencing platforms to connect individuals from various locations, expanding access to mental health support beyond geographical limitations. This can be particularly beneficial for individuals in rural areas, those with limited mobility, or those with busy schedules.  

Online group therapy sessions can mirror the experience of in-person groups, with members sharing their experiences, offering support, and engaging in therapeutic exercises under the guidance of a qualified therapist. However, online platforms also offer unique advantages, such as the ability to share screens, utilize interactive tools, and access recorded sessions for review.

While more research must be conducted, early studies suggests that online therapy groups can be very effective (Zhang et al., 2024).

While online group therapy offers numerous advantages, it’s crucial to consider potential challenges. Technical difficulties, distractions from the home environment, and concerns about privacy and confidentiality are some factors to consider.

Effectiveness of Group Therapy

Group therapy has been around for over a hundred years. Research strongly supports the benefits of group therapy across many domains. At the heart of group therapy is the connection to others. Interacting with others is good for the soul—and the body.

Samantha Chalker and her colleagues reported that over 50 clinical trials “demonstrate equivalence in effectiveness between group psychotherapy and one-on-one psychotherapy including therapy focused on schizophrenia, borderline personality disorder, and bipolar disorder among others” (Chalker et al., 2023).

***This article is for informational purposes only and should not be considered medical advice. The information provided is intended to offer a general understanding of group therapy and its potential benefits. If you or someone you know is experiencing distress or are experiencing symptoms of a mental health disorder, it’s crucial to consult with a qualified mental health professional. They can conduct a thorough assessment, provide an accurate diagnosis, and recommend the most appropriate treatment options, including whether group therapy may be a suitable component of your care plan.***

Associated Concepts

• Social Support Theory: This theory posits that social relationships and support networks play a crucial role in an individual’s well-being, particularly during times of stress or adversity. This theory suggests that having access to supportive relationships, whether through emotional support, tangible assistance, informational guidance, or a sense of belonging, can positively impact one’s mental and physical health.
• Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR): This is a program designed to manage stress and improve well-being through mindfulness and meditation.
• Moral Reconation Therapy: This therapy style is a cognitive-behavioral intervention program designed to address issues related to criminal behavior and substance abuse. It aims to help individuals develop higher levels of moral reasoning and decision-making skills.
• Convoy Theory: This theory posits that individuals are surrounded by a network of close and more distant relationships that form a “convoy” of social support throughout their lives. This network includes family members, friends, colleagues, and other acquaintances who provide varying levels of support, guidance, and companionship.
• Common Factors Theory: This theory suggests that the key to successful therapy is less about the specific techniques or methods used, and more about the common factors present in all successful therapeutic relationships. These common factors include the quality of the therapeutic relationship, client and therapist factors, as well as hope and expectancy for change.
• Supportive Counseling: This is a form of therapy that focuses on providing emotional support, encouragement, and practical advice to help individuals cope with challenges, stressors, and difficult life situations.

A Few Words by Psychology Fanatic

Group therapy is a powerful and versatile therapeutic approach that leverages the collective wisdom and support of a group to foster individual growth and healing. By sharing experiences, developing social skills, and gaining new perspectives, participants can make significant strides in their mental health journey. Whether used alone or in conjunction with individual therapy, group therapy offers a unique and valuable path to psychological well-being.

In summary, the dynamics of group therapy provide a fertile ground for empathy, self-awareness, and mutual support, making it a highly effective tool in the arsenal of mental health treatments. If you or someone you know could benefit from the collective healing power of group therapy, consider reaching out to a mental health professional to explore this option.

Last Update: October 1, 2025