Exploring Projection: How We Shift Blame onto Others

“That is terrible,” we scoff, acknowledging the inhumaneness of a behavior that seems so blatant and wrong. It’s easy to criticize actions that don’t align with our values or societal norms, especially when they are performed by others. Yet, when the same behaviors arise within ourselves, we often react differently. Rather than facing the discomfort of these flaws head-on, we rely on programmed heuristics—mental shortcuts that help us navigate complex social landscapes. This instinctive response allows us to shift the discomfort away from ourselves and redirect it towards someone else. Sigmund Freud referred to this psychological phenomenon as projection, highlighting how individuals can protect their egos while simultaneously deflecting blame.

Freud proposed that projection serves as a defense mechanism designed to relieve inner conflict resulting from unacceptable thoughts or feelings. When faced with aspects of ourselves that provoke shame or guilt, we may unconsciously assign those characteristics or behaviors to others instead. By doing so, we create a buffer against self-examination and maintain our self-image intact.

This process not only shields us from confronting uncomfortable truths but also enables us to engage in moral outrage towards perceived shortcomings in others without recognizing similar traits within ourselves. Understanding projection sheds light on our interactions with others and reveals deeper insights into human behavior and emotional survival strategies.

What is Psychological Projection?

Projection is an immature defense mechanism to relieve uncomfortable emotions by projecting personal behaviors, thoughts, and character traits on a person or object outside of ourselves. When we project, we unconsciously soothe discomforting feelings about something personal (behavior, thought, trait) and attribute it to someone or something else. Following the projection, we then freely attack the badness of the behavior, thought or trait without hurting our self-image. 

Ervin Staub describes the defensive process of  projection in his book The Roots of Evil. He wrote that, “A low level of well-being and much frustration and pain – a negative hedonic balance – heighten the desire to enhance the self.” Staub continues, “often lack of self-awareness serves a positive self-concept, maintained by rigid defenses, especially denial and projection” (Staub, 1992, pp. 70-71).

Often early childhood learning make children unwilling to acknowledge impulses or feelings regarded by society or their parents as undesirable, feelings of anger, hostility, sexual desire are suppressed and projected to enhance self image. Staub warns that, “All human beings have these feelings, and it is destructive to lose awareness of them. People who do not acknowledge these feelings in themselves tend to project them onto others and experience hostility or moral outrage” (Staub, 1992, p. 72).

​​Defense Mechanisms

“Defense mechanisms are psychological strategies we unconsciously use to reduce or remove unpleasurable affect” (Murphy, 2021). A primary function of living organisms is responding to external events. Human cognition have a significant role in reactionary responses. An event jolts the biological system, creating a feeling affect. Cognitions follow, often employing mental heuristics to alleviate emotional discomfort. Sometimes the response focuses on resolving the events creating the arousal, other times the response jumps directly to the internal experience, re-appraising the event and soothing the emotion. 

Unconscious strategies may soothe emotional upsets and create a more comfortable environment for healthy functioning. However, defensive mechanisms vary in effectiveness. Some are present focused, harming futures. Most defensive strategies have potential damaging consequences when used to an extreme.

​Projection and Cognitive Dissonance

​”Cognitive dissonance is an uncomfortable state of inner conflict. We strive to be whole. We create a simplified narrative that unifies desires, behaviors and actions” (Murphy, 2015). The problem is we are not simple. We are complex. We have many conflicting elements within our being. Our visions, hopes, and even self concepts don’t always perfectly fit together. Yet, as explained by Leon Festinger, “Becoming aware of conflicts between our beliefs and our actions, or between two simultaneously coexisting beliefs, violates the natural human striving for mental harmony, or consonance” (Banaji & Greenwald, 2016, p. 59).

Projection is a defensive reaction to relieve pain from cognitive dissonance. We unconsciously remove the internal conflict by attributing it to someone or something outside of ourselves, accepting our own failing is just too painful.

In the classic book Adaptations to Life, George E. Vaillant, a Professor of Psychiatry at Harvard Medical School, wrote:

“Dissociation and projection…are both ways in which a person can disavow responsibility for painful feelings and events, and over the short haul escape the suffering involved. This is because healthy adaptation requires an accurate perception of the universe, and accurate perception often evokes pain” (Vaillant, 1998).

Vaillant refers to projection as an immature defense.

​Projection and Externalizing

Projection is a form of externalizing. Although they possess some significant differences. Externalizing involves putting outside an internal conflict to resolve internal dissonance. Projection actually places a portion of the conflict on an external object. If the conflict is with sexual attraction that conflicts with perception of self, we may attribute the sexual attraction to someone else, and condemn them for their desires. Often this theorized form of projection suggest the undesirable trait is projected onto out groups and people. Those we don’t like.

Another theory of projection, proposed by David S. Holmes, is that we project our undesirable traits onto desirable people. For example, we may have a character trait that we were socialized to believe was inappropriate, recognizing the trait is discomforting conflicting with internally accepted values. Instead of disavowing the trait, we project it onto to those we admire, and thus justify our own possession of the trait, soothing the discomfort of dissonance (Holmes, 1978).

There are many forms of externalizing, moving an internal conflict outside of oneself, changing the focus, and erasing the conflict. Some externalizing processes may be helpful others stunt growth. Jack Novick and Anne Hurry explained that “Externalization is a normal defensive process…aimed at avoiding the narcissistic pain consequent upon accepting devalued aspect of the self” (Crammer, 2020).

See Externalization for more on this topic

​​A Different Theory of Projection

Most theories and examples of projection suggest an unconscious externalizing process, relieving internal conflict by projecting a personal trait on an external object. In an interesting 2006 article, Olesya Govorun and Kathleen Fuegen challenged previous theories, suggesting that projection was a product of attention, recognizing the undesirable trait, and utilizing cognitive energy to suppress the conflict. 

They write:

“The next step in the process is not expelling of personality traits by the unconscious attempt to deceive the ego but it is instead thought suppression” (Govorun & Fuegen, 2006).

​Research has shown that anytime we suppress we become hypersensitive to the object we are suppressing. Accordingly, we readily notice signs of the trait in external objects. This is commonly experienced in the white bear problem, also known as the Ironic Process Theory. When asked not to think about a white bear, our minds hold the object of the white bear in memory to suppress it. Paradoxically, we repeatedly keep thinking of that darn white bear.

​Projecting Internal Harsh Judgements Onto Others

In a weird and damaging twist of projection, we cast our harsh self-judgements onto others, fulfilling our shame, and justifying our anger. We attribute our own faulty thinking onto innocent others. An example of this is when we fail and feel shamed, we believe others are judging us for the failure, and angerly react to the judgements we projected onto them. We seethe “they should be more compassionate; we all make mistakes.” In reality, the other never made such judgements.

I noticed that when I inadvertently, through inattention or miscalculation, cut someone off on the roadway, I often project my discomfort of doing wrong onto the driver I just inconvenienced. They provide no evidence of displeasure but I feel a twinge of animosity as if they are judging my “poor” driving.

Jerome S. Blackman, a Professor of Clinical Psychiatry and Behavioral Science at Eastern Virginia Medical School, explains this form of projection in his book 101 Defenses. He wrote:

“A special form of projection where you experience a part of your mind as ‘external’ to yourself. You might think someone or ‘society’ will criticize you, when actually you feel self-critical” (Blackman, 2003). 

​​Projection Identification

A devastating impact of projection is the object upon which we project our undesirable traits, desires and thoughts often internalizes our discarded and disavowed traits. They fulfill the projections. This tendency to internalize makes projection a key weapon of control for the narcissist. Markedly, the nastiness we cast upon significant others is often absorbed. Hence, a child becomes who their parents label them to be. Lovers transform to fulfill the tales of insufficiency from the gaslighting and controlling partner.

Phebe Cramer explains that describes internalization as incorporating “properties and characteristics” of an external object (Cramer, 2020).

The narcissist flings their distasteful character onto the victim, and then berates the victim for their terribleness. The victim eventually escapes the confusion between beliefs about themselves and the labels projected on them by internalizing the labels and identifying with the traits.

Allan N. Schore, Ph.D., a member of the clinical faculty of the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences at UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, further explains projection identification, “It has been observed that patients who utilize projective identification have ‘dissociatively cleansed’ themselves of traumatic affects in order to maintain some form of relationship with narcissistically vulnerable others” (Schore, 2003). 

​​Examples of Projection

There are many examples of projection since the practice is so common. 

• The chronically unfaithful man who accuses his partner of cheating.
• The habitual liar that angrily reacts to all information as lies or “fake news.”
• The homophobic that has same-sex fantasies.
•  The insecure lover that harshly judges others that display the same relationship fears.

---

Whenever there is a trait or behavior that is stigmatized as ‘bad’ there are many that will project it on others rather than accept their personal possession of that trait (or behavior).

Getting Unhealthy Projections Under Control

A pathway to protecting against any unconscious processes is exposing the process to the light of awareness. We protect our self-concept through denial and projection. We improve our selves through awareness. There are many healthier ways to work on self-concepts without denying key aspects of our lives. Whether we deny and project or suffer from identification of projections heaped onto us, the key problem is a faulty boundary self, placing our trash on others and incorporating other peoples junk into our own self image.

Ideally, we align ourselves with reality, surrounding ourselves with healthy narratives that lift us past our hurts, shame, and fears.

​Lawrence Heller and Aline LaPierre explain in their book on healing from trauma that, “The ideal of seeing the world accurately is related to the process of being present, in the moment and in the body.” They explain this process as orienting to the present. They promise that, “As soon as individuals begin to use their orienting response, they become more present, and projections begin to dissolve” (Heller & LaPierre, 2012).

However, changing habitual patterns that we use for protecting the ego is not simple. Accordingly, significant change often requires help from the outside perspective of a friend or professional.

Mindfulness practices and kind environments may assist in the healing.

Associated Concepts

• Unconscious Process: Projection operates unconsciously, meaning individuals are often unaware they are projecting their own traits onto others.
• Ego Psychology: This belongs to the school of psychoanalysis. It is rooted in Sigmund Freud’s structural model of the mind. It focuses on the ego’s role in managing internal conflicts, regulating impulses, and adapting to reality.
• Attribution Theory: People attribute their own undesirable characteristics, impulses, or feelings to others to avoid acknowledging them in themselves.
• Self-Deception: This refers to the process where individuals convince themselves of a truth (or lack thereof) to avoid acknowledging uncomfortable realities. This involves distorting or ignoring evidence that conflicts with their beliefs or desires.
• Blame: This practice involves attributing one’s own undesirable thoughts, feelings, or behaviors to someone else. This deflection helps the individual avoid confronting their own shortcomings or guilt by shifting responsibility onto others.
• Externalization: this concept refers to the process of attributing one’s own internal thoughts, feelings, or impulses to the external world, particularly onto other people. This defense mechanism helps individuals avoid confronting their own undesirable traits by perceiving them as existing outside themselves.

A Few Final Words by Psychology Fanatic

In navigating the intricate landscape of our emotional lives, we often employ automatic protections that shield us from uncomfortable truths about ourselves. As we explored earlier, projection serves as a powerful psychological defense mechanism, allowing us to deflect blame and maintain a favorable self-image by attributing our undesirable traits to others.

This insight into human behavior not only elucidates why we might react with outrage towards actions in others that mirror our own flaws but also emphasizes the complex interplay between self-awareness and interpersonal relationships. By confronting the nuances of projection, we can begin to unravel the defensive layers that obscure our understanding of ourselves.

Yet, while theories on projection provide valuable frameworks for personal growth, it is essential to approach these insights with a critical eye. Over time, research has challenged some aspects of Freudian thought and illuminated the intricacies of unconscious processes in new ways. Rather than accepting rigid explanations at face value, we must remain open to examining how projection manifests in our interactions—recognizing both its potential benefits and detrimental effects on personal development.

Ultimately, this exploration invites us to cultivate deeper self-awareness and foster healthier connections with others by disentangling our projections from reality and embracing the complexities within ourselves that are all too easy to overlook.

Last Update: January 18, 2026

References:

Banaji, Mahzarin R.; Greenwald, Anthony G. (2016). Blindspot: Hidden Biases of Good People. Bantam; Reprint edition. ISBN-10: 0345528433; APA Record: 2012-31920-000
(Return to Main Text)

Cramer, P. (2020). Externalizing/Projection; Internalizing/Identification: An Examination. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 37(3), 207-211. DOI: 10.1037/pap0000255
(Return to Main Text)

Blackman, Jerome S. (2003). 101 Defenses: How the Mind Shields Itself. Routledge; 1st edition. APA Record: 2004-18574-000
(Return to Main Text)

Govorun, O., Fuegen, K., & Payne, B. (2006). Stereotypes Focus Defensive Projection. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32(6), 781-793. DOI: 10.1177/0146167205285556
(Return to Main Text)

Heller, Lawrence; LaPierre, Aline (2012). Healing Developmental Trauma: How Early Trauma Affects Self-Regulation, Self-Image, and the Capacity for Relationship. North Atlantic Books; 1st edition. ISBN-10: 1583944893
(Return to Main Text)

Holmes, D. (1978). Projection as a defense mechanism. Psychological Bulletin, 85(4), 677-688. DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.85.4.677
(Return to Main Text)

​Murphy, T. Franklin (2021) Defense Mechanisms. Psychology Fanatic. Published: 2-4-2021; Accessed: 1-23-2022. Website: https://psychologyfanatic.com/defense-mechanisms/
(Return to Main Text)

Murphy, T. Franklin (2015) Cognitive Dissonance. Psychology Fanatic. Published: 10-2015; Accessed: 1-24-2022. Website: https://psychologyfanatic.com/cognitive-dissonance/
(Return to Main Text)

Schore, Allan N. (2003). Affect Regulation and the Repair of the Self (Norton Series on Interpersonal Neurobiology). W. W. Norton & Company; First Edition. ISBN: 0393704076; APA Record: 2003-02881-000
(Return to Main Text)

Staub, Ervin (1992). The Roots of Evil: The Origins of Genocide and Other Group Violence. ‎Cambridge University Press; Revised ed. edition. ISBN-10: 0521422140; DOI: 10.1207/s15327957pspr0303_2
(Return to Main Text)

Vaillant, George E. (1998) Adaptation to Life. Harvard University Press; Reprint edition. ISBN: 9780674004146
(Return to Main Text)