Life Events Theory

Life Events Theory: Understanding the Impact of Events on Psychological Well-being

Life Events Theory is a prominent framework in psychology that seeks to understand the connection between major life events and their impact on an individual’s psychological well-being. It explores how various events, such as marriage, divorce, job loss, or the death of a loved one, influence an individual’s mental health and overall quality of life.

Understanding Life Events Theory

Life Events Theory posits that major life events can result in significant changes in a person’s circumstances, roles, and responsibilities. These events can shape an individual’s psychological state, influencing their emotions, behaviors, and overall well-being. While some events may have positive effects, others can be stressful and lead to negative psychological outcomes.

Life events theory shares many similarities with social stress theory which posits that an individual’s external environment impacts wellbeing. This theory also shares great similarities with the concept of life transitions in life course theory.

Life Events Theory suggests that these significant life events can act as stressors, triggering emotional responses and potentially leading to short-term or long-term changes in mental health. It emphasizes that the impact of life events on psychological well-being may vary depending on individual circumstances, prior experiences, coping mechanisms, and social support.

Stressful Life Events and Mental Illness

The major element of this study is the role of life events on the our mental health. Life event studies found that with more stress related life events the higher probability of major depression (Kessler, 1997), compulsive behavior (Sneath, Lacey, & Kennett-Hensel, 2008), and addiction (O’Doherty & Davies, 1987).

This theory highlights the importance of understanding and addressing the role of life events in the development and management of psychological disturbances. By recognizing the influence of significant life events, psychologists and therapists can provide appropriate support and interventions to individuals experiencing emotional lability or other mental health challenges.

It is worth noting that while life events can be influential, they do not determine an individual’s destiny. Personal resilience, coping strategies, and other factors also play a crucial role in how individuals respond and adapt to life events.

Types of Life Events

Life events can be categorized into two main types: positive and negative. Positive events include getting married, starting a new job, or the birth of a child. These events are generally associated with feelings of happiness, fulfillment, and an improved sense of well-being.

Negative events, on the other hand, encompass experiences such as the death of a loved one, divorce, job loss, or financial difficulties. These events are often associated with increased stress, sadness, anxiety, and a decline in psychological functioning.

While we typically categorize life events in positive and negative, many of them have traces of both positive and negative. Sometimes an event we see as positive, such as marriage, may be a negative turning point in an individual’s life. Accordingly, these disappointing life events that individuals hoped would improve their lives create a magnified stress of unfulfilled dreams.

Impact on Psychological Well-being

Researchers found that subjective well being is correlated with an individual’s Correlated self-reported number of positive minus negative life events (Seidlitz & Diener, 1993). The higher the positive balance the higher the subjective wellbeing. It’s not necessarily the balance of life events impacting wellbeing but the subjective interpretations of life events. While the number of ‘good’ and ‘bad’ life events can’t be ignored, we also must consider those events that fall in the middle which some individuals label ‘bad’ and others label ‘good.’ Accordingly, the balance for the optimist is different than the balance for the pessimist.

Life events can have varying impacts on individuals, as people may have different coping mechanisms and support networks in place. Some individuals may adapt well to major life events, finding ways to overcome challenges and maintain psychological well-being. Others may struggle to cope, experiencing higher levels of distress and psychological difficulties.

Moderating Factors

Several factors can influence how individuals respond to life events. Those with strong social support systems, resilient personalities, and effective coping strategies tend to fare better when faced with challenging life circumstances. Additionally, cultural and contextual factors play a substantial role in moderating the impact of life events on psychological well-being.

Chronic childhood life events creates a magnified reaction to future life events. The child is often helpless, relying on adults for survival. A traumatizing event, or a series of traumatizing events (complex trauma), creates maladaptive responses to life events throughout the child’s life. Lawrence Heller posits that these children rely on different survival styles that they employ throughout adulthood (Heller & LaPierre, 2012).

Gabor Maté wrote, in regards to childhood trauma, that the conditioning of childhood trauma impacted the child’s “ability to engage in the necessary flight-or-fight behaviour…” Maté continues, “the fundamental problem is not the external stress, such as the life events quoted in the studies, but an environmentally conditioned helplessness that permits neither of the normal responses of fight or flight. The resulting internal stress becomes repressed and therefore invisible” (Maté, 2008).

One of the primary concepts of life events theory is not that life events impact our lives individually. We know big events leave a mark, stay in memories, and change the course of future decisions. However, more importantly is that major life events have an accumulating effect. When a child, or an adult without resources, experiences a major life event, their inability to process it leads to a higher probability of a succession of traumatic events.

Coping Strategies

We cope with traumatic events in a number of ways. Many defenses against the difficult experiences may dull the emotional impact but also interfere with learning. Leslie Greenberg remarks that many “avoid disturbing emotions by not remembering the painful emotions associated with major life events, even though they remember the events themselves and realize the full impact of what occurred. People also engage in stimulus seeking or impulsive behavior to blot out their disturbing feelings” (Greenberg, 2015).

Daniel Siegel wrote that children learn how to create narrative surrounding life events (Siegel, 2020). these narratives can help or hinder processing of the negative impact of hurtful experiences. Muriel James and Dorothy Jongeward suggest that “in the life of every individual the dramatic life events, the roles that are learned, rehearsed, and acted out, are originally determined by a script (James & Jongeward, 1996). Basically, our interpretations of life events often has a larger impact than the event itself.

Martin Seligman theorizes in explanatory theory that the manner of our causal explanations of events significantly impacts our emotional reaction to them (Burns & Seligman, 1989).

Social Resources

Social resources is necessary for healthy transition through major life events. Navigating the difficult twists and turns of life on our own is a nightmare, fraught with dangers, and unknown circumstances. Social resources provide more than wisdom. they also provide an emotional and practical safety net. Social resources provide a secure base to retreat to when life overwhelms.

Applications in Psychology

Life Events Theory has significant implications for various fields within psychology, including clinical psychology, counseling, and stress research. Understanding the relationship between life events and psychological well-being can help professionals develop targeted intervention strategies to support individuals who may be struggling due to significant life changes.

Clinical Practice

In clinical practice, therapists often consider a client’s life events when assessing and treating mental health conditions. Recognizing the impact of certain events, therapists can provide appropriate support and guidance, tailored to an individual’s unique circumstances.

Stress Research

Life Events Theory has contributed to our understanding of stress and its effects on the body and mind. More recent findings have discovered that “genes are not fixed; life events can trigger biochemical messages that turn them on or off by attaching methyl groups, a cluster of carbon and hydrogen atoms, to the outside of the gene (a process called methylation), making it more or less sensitive to messages from the body” (van der Kolk, 2015). In psychology, we refer to this exciting field of research as epigenetics.

Researchers use this framework to study the connection between life events, stress levels, and the risk of developing psychological disorders such as depression and anxiety.

Counseling and Support

Counselors and support groups utilize Life Events Theory to assist individuals in navigating major life transitions and coping with the associated psychological challenges. By addressing the impact of life events on well-being, professionals can facilitate the healing process and promote resilience.

A Few Words by Psychology Fanatic

Life Events Theory provides a valuable framework for understanding the impact of significant life events on psychological well-being. By recognizing the influence of these events, professionals in psychology can offer support, intervention, and guidance to individuals who may be facing difficult life circumstances. By understanding the complexities of Life Events Theory, we can develop strategies to promote psychological resilience and improved overall well-being.

Remember, life events can affect everyone differently. If you or someone you know is struggling with the psychological impact of significant life events, consider seeking professional help and support.

Last Update: April 10, 2024

References:

Burns, Melanie O.; & Seligman, Martin E.P. (1989). Explanatory Style Across the Life Span: Evidence for Stability Over 52 Years. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56(3), 471-477. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.56.3.471

Greenberg, Leslie S. (2015). Emotion-Focused Therapy: Coaching Clients to Work Through Their Feelings.  American Psychological Association; 2nd edition.

Heller, Lawrence; LaPierre, Aline (2012). Healing Developmental Trauma: How Early Trauma Affects Self-Regulation, Self-Image, and the Capacity for Relationship. North Atlantic Books; 1st edition.

James, Muriel; Jongeward, Dorothy (1996). Born To Win: Transactional Analysis With Gestalt Experiments. ‎ Da Capo Lifelong Books; 25th Anniversary ed. edition.

Kessler, Ronald G. (1997). THE EFFECTS OF STRESSFUL LIFE EVENTS ON DEPRESSION. Annual Review of Psychology, 48(1), 191-214. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.psych.48.1.191

Maté, Gabor (2008). When the Body Says No. ‎Trade Paper Press; 1st edition.

O’Doherty, Fiona; Davies, John B. (1987). Life Events and Addiction: a critical review. Addiction, 82(2), 127-137. DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1987.tb01451.x

Seidlitz, Larry; Diener, Edward (1993). Memory for Positive Versus Negative Life Events: Theories for the Differences Between Happy and Unhappy Persons. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64(4), 654-664. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.64.4.654

Siegel, Daniel J. (2020). The Developing Mind: How Relationships and the Brain Interact to Shape Who We Are. The Guilford Press; 3rd edition.

Sneath, John, Lacey, Russell; Kennett-Hensel, Pamela (2008). Coping with a natural disaster: Losses, emotions, and impulsive and compulsive buying. Marketing Letters, 20(1), 45-60. DOI: 10.1007/s11002-008-9049-y

Van der Kolk, Bessel (2015). The Body Keeps the Score: Brain, Mind, and Body in the Healing of Trauma. Penguin Books; Illustrated edition.

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PSYCHOLOGY – EMOTIONS – RELATIONSHIPS – WELLNESS – PSYCHOLOGY TOPICS